Egypt was a province under the dominance of the Roman Empire, and after its division, it became under the authority of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the East Roman Empire. Then, the Persians defeated the Byzantine Empire, and invaded and conquered Egypt.

After the Islamic conquest of Ash-Shaam, the commander of the Romans fled to Egypt, shortly before the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem. He began mobilizing the Roman soldiers to fight the Muslims. ‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas (May Allaah be pleased with him) thought that the Muslims should launch a preemptive attack and strike the Romans at the heart. The Muslims besieged the fort of Babylon and Az-Zubayr ibn Al-‘Awaam (May Allaah be pleased with him) managed to conquer it. As a result, the Cyrus signed a treaty with the Muslims, although they had successfully conquered Egypt. Consequently, many Egyptians swiftly embraced the new religion of Islam after this treaty.

The Egyptians had suffered a great deal of oppression and persecution under the dominance of the Byzantine Empire. Therefore, they gladly welcomed the Muslims. Under Islamic rule, the Egyptian Christians rebuilt their churches that had been ravaged by the Persians during their occupation of Egypt. ‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas (May Allaah be pleased with him) sent a force to Upper Egypt, Fayoum, Damietta, and Tennyis. Then, the Muslim army marched to the West and conquered Cyrenaica and signed a peace treaty with its people. ‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas (May Allaah be pleased with him) also sent a military campaign that was led by ‘Uqbah ibn Naafi‘(May Allaah be pleased with him) to conquer Zewelah. He, then, headed to Nubia and conquered it.

Egypt remained an affiliate of the Islamic Caliphate until the establishment of the Tulunid Dynasty in Egypt. Then, the Ikhshidid Dynasty ruled Egypt from 935 to 969. Later on, Egypt was ruled by the ‘Ubaydis (Fatimids). Then, the Ayyubids ruled Egypt and after that it came under the dominance of the Mamluk Dynasty. Lastly, it became an Ottoman protectorate until Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha broke away from the central authority of the Ottoman Dynasty in the nineteenth century AD.

‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas (May Allaah be pleased with him) built Al-Fustaat, the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule. It featured the Mosque of ‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas, the first mosque that was built in Egypt and in all of Africa. His mosque was known as “The Crown of Mosques” and “The Ancient Mosque”. During the reign of ‘Uthmaan ibn ‘Affaan (May Allaah be pleased with him) a mighty fleet was mobilized and the Muslims were able to destroy the sovereignty of the Byzantine Empire in the Mediterranean Sea. The Byzantine fleet approached Alexandria and tried to invade the strategic city, but the Egyptian fleet bravely repelled the invasion and warded off the attackers.

Mu‘aawiyah ibn Abi Sufyaan, May Allaah be pleased with him, also sent out his fleet. The two fleets, the Egyptian and the Muslim, met with the Byzantine fleet in the Battle of the Masts. The Muslims tied their ships to the Byzantine ships. As the fleets came to touch each other, a fierce fight with swords and daggers took place on board the ships. In this type of warfare, the Muslims commanded superiority. The Battle of Phoenix was a crucial naval battle and a landmark in the history of Islam. Muslims rejoiced at their first naval victory and became a naval power.

During the era of Governors, Egyptian rulers paid great attention to Egyptian affairs. Then, Egypt became an Ottoman province and was later occupied by England. In the early twentieth century, a set of political powers emerged, carrying the beacon of the renaissance for the Egyptian nation, although it was still under British occupation. The National Party was established in Egypt.

The periods of decline and unrest in Egypt were during the strife in the reign of ‘Uthmaan ibn Affaan, May Allaah be pleased with him, as well as the end of the Tulunid State. Then, the ‘Ubaydi rule turned Egypt into a Shi‘ite state. After the reign of Salaahud- Deen (Saladin), May Allaah have mercy upon him, the Ayyubid family was in conflict, and the Circassian Dynasty was quite wane during the beginning of the tenth century AH. Then, Egypt witnessed another period of weakness during the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

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