After the Islamic conquest by ‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas, May Allaah Be Pleased with him, Egypt became an Islamic state under the dominance of the Muslim Caliphate. It remained under the rule of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, then the Umayyad Dynasty was followed by the Abbasid Dynasty.

After that, an independence movement that was unprecedented in the Islamic state took place in Egypt when it became an independent state under the authority of the Tulunid Dynasty, then the Ikhshidids, then the ‘Ubaydis, (Fatimids), then the Ayyubids and then the Mamluks. Egypt then became an Ottoman Empire protectorate until it became independent again at the hands of Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha in the nineteenth century.

During each of these eras, Egypt witnessed some periods of power and development and at other times it experienced weakness. Egypt reached the summit of prosperity and power and the top of the curve of history and civilization during the reign of the Governors who were appointed by the rightly guided Caliphs, such as ‘Amr ibn Al-‘Aas (19-25 AH / 640-646 AD), (39-44 AH / 659-664 AD), and ‘Abdullaah ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abi Sarh (25-35 AH / 646-656 AD), May Allaah Be Pleased with them.

In the era of the Umayyad state: ‘Abdul-Azeez ibn Marwaan ibn Al-Hakam (65-86 AH / 685-705 AD); in the era of the Abbasids: Ahmad ibn Tooloon (254-270 AH / 868-884 AD); in the era of the Ikhshidids: Muhammad ibn Tughj Al-Ikhsheed (323-334 AH / 935-945 AD), and Kaafoor Al-Ikhsheedi (355-357 AH / 966-968 AD); during the era of Salaahud-Deen Al-Ayyoobi (569-589 AH / 1174-1193 AD); in the Mamluk State under the rule of Sayfud-Deen Qutuz (657-658 AH / 1259-1260 AD), Ruknud-Deen Beebars (658-676 AH / 1260-1277 AD), Al-Mansoor Sayfud-Deen Qalaawoon (678-689 AH / 1279-1290 AD), Al-Ashraf Sayfud-Deen Qaayitbay (872-901 AH / 1468-1496 AD); and in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Muraad ibn Selim (982-1003 AH / 1574-1595 AD), and Ibraaheem II (1050-1058 AH / 1640 - 1648 AD).

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