The Mamluks in a few Lines

1- 198 A.H.: Accession of Al-Ma’moon, the first ‘Abbasid Caliph to import Mamluks.
2- 218 A.H.: Accession of Al-Mu‘tasim, who increased the number of the imported Mamluks.
3- 637 A.H.: Accession of King As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen Ayyoob to the Throne of Egypt.
4- 641 A.H.: The Ayyubid emirs in Shaam unite, and ally themselves with the Crusaders to fight King As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen.
5- 642 A.H.: Victory of King As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen Ayyoob over the Ayyubid emirs of Shaam and the Crusaders in the Battle of Gaza.
6- 643 A.H.: King As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen Ayyoob liberates Bayt Al-Maqdis.
7- Beginning of the formation of the Bahri Mamluks under the leadership of Faaris Ad-Deen Aqtaay and Rukn Ad-Deen Beebars.
8- Arrival of Al-‘Izz ibn ‘Abdul-Salaam in Egypt.
9- 647 A.H.: King Louis IX of France occupies the port of Damietta of Egypt, on Safar 20th.
10- Death of King As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen Ayyoob in Mansoorah, on Sha‘baan 15th.
11- Shajarat Ad-Durr, wife of As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen Ayyoob, manages the Battle of Mansoorah.
12- Victory of the Muslims in the Battle of Mansoorah, on Thul-Qa‘dah 4th.
13- Arrival of Tooraan Shaah, son of As-Saalih Najm Ad-Deen Ayyoob, from Turkey to Mansoorah on Thul-Qa‘dah 17th.
14- 648 A.H.: Victory of the Muslims led by Tooraan Shaah over the Crusaders in the Battle of Faaraskoor in the beginning of Muharram.
15- Capture of Louis IX, King of France.
16- Tooraan Shaah fears Shajarat Ad-Durr, Aqtai and Baybars.
17- Assassination of Tooraan Shaah on Muharram 27th.
18- Shajarat Ad-Durr becomes the first queen in the Islamic Egypt in the beginning of Safar.
19- Marriage of Shajarat Ad-Durr to ‘Izz Ad-Deen Aybak.
20- Shajarat Ad-Durr gives up the Throne of Egypt after she had remained in office for eighty days towards the end of Jumaada Ath-Thaaniyah.
21- Accession of King Al-Mu‘izz ‘Izz Ad-Deen Aybak to the throne of Egypt.
22- King Al-Mu‘izz emerges victorious over the Ayyubid emirs of Shaam in the Battle of Al-‘Abbaasiyyah, on Thul-Qa‘dah 10th.
23- 650 A.H.: Beginning of the formation of Al-Mu‘izzi Mamluks led by Qutuz.
24- 651 A.H.: King Al-Mu‘izz joins Palestine to Egypt.
25- 652 A.H.: King Al-Mu‘izz kills Faaris Ad-Deen Aqtaay on Sha‘baan 3rd.
26- Flight of the Bahri Mamluks led by Beebars to Shaam.
27- 655 A.H.: King Al-Mu‘izz decides to marry the daughter of Badr Ad-Deen Lu’lu’, Emir of Mawsil.
28- Shajarat Ad-Durr kills King Al-Mu‘izz in Rabee‘ Al-Awwal.
29- Taking retaliation by killing Shajarat Ad-Durr, in Rabee‘ Al-Awwal.
30- Accession of the child Noor Ad-Deen, son of King Al-Mu‘izz, under the care of Qutuz.
31- Al-Mugheeth Fat-h Ad-Deen ‘Umar, Emir of Al-Kark, invades Egypt and is defeated at the hands of Qutuz in Thul-Qa‘dah.
32- 656 A.H.: Fall of Baghdad.
33- A new attempt made by the Emir of Al-Kark to invade Egypt in Rabee‘ Al-Aakhir.
34- 657 A.H.: Beginning of the invasion of Shaam under the leadership of Hulagu.
35- Accession of Qutuz on Thul-Qa‘dah 24th.
36- 658 A.H.: Qutuz begins internal reforms in Egypt.
37- Issuing a public pardon for the Bahri Mamluks, and the unification of both the Bahri and Mu‘izzi Mamluks.
38- Bringing Ath-Thaahir Beebars from Damascus to Cairo.
39- An attempt of Qutuz to unite both Egypt and Shaam, through communication with the Ayyubid emirs of Shaam.
40- Fall of Aleppo in Safar, and fall of Damascus in Rabee‘ Al-Awwal.
41- Arrival of the letter of the Tatars carrying a threat to invade Egypt.
42- Qutuz’s decision to fight the Tatars.
43- Qutuz’s decision to set out to fight the Tatars in Palestine rather than Egypt.
44- Commencement of military and economic preparation of the Egyptian army.
45- Commencement of preparing the Egyptian people, through the scholars, to accept the idea of fighting the Tatars.
46- Arrival of some armies from Shaam to join the army of Qutuz in Egypt.
47- Mobilization of the Muslim army in As-Saalihiyyah.
48- Movement of the Muslim army towards Palestine in Sha‘baan.
49- Victory of the Muslims led by Baybars over the Tatarian garrison of Gaza.
50- Negotiations with the Crusaders in Acre.
51- Qutuz chooses ‘Ayn Jaaloot to be the battlefield in the fight with the Tatars.
52- Victory of the Muslims in ‘Ayn Jaaloot on Ramadhaan 25th.
53- Liberation of Damascus from the hands of the Tatars, under the leadership of Qutuz on Ramadhaan 30th.
54- Liberation of Aleppo from the hands of the Tatars, under the leadership of Beebars in the beginning of Shawwaal.
55- Unification of Egypt and Shaam under the leadership of Qutuz.
56- Return of Qutuz to Egypt on Shawwaal 26th.
57- Assassination of Qutuz.

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