Too many rights were guaranteed for non-Muslims under the rule of Islam. However; is not it axiomatically that rights should be set against duties?!

 Jizyah "Tribute" is one of the non-Muslims' rights living among Muslims.

 Dr. Ragheb El-Sergani stated that some writers and orientalists who misinterpreted this right namely tribute that they used it as suspicion against Islam.

 Many Secularists propagandized it in media in the course of their campaigns against Islam.

Some orientalists handled this issue fairly and established justice.

 What is meant by Jizyah in Islam? Is Jizyah impeachment for Muslims? Is it for any candidate for Egypt's office to feel free to discuss Jizyah? is Jizyah  a source of pride for Muslims that they pay many times more than non-Muslims' minority pay?

 Dr. Ragheb declared the origin of the word Jizyah in Arabic that it means to compensate someone, by Jizyah, for rendering a service to you. He added, Jizyah is similar to taxes.

 Dr. Ragheb stressed that Jizyah is paid by some of Jews and Christians, namely 50% will not pay it, however; it may be for 75% of them to be exempted from it. This reflects the mercy and leniency of Islam towards the weak from the non-Muslims so long as they do not violate the regulations of the Islamic state.

 Dr. Ragheb wondered; is there a state worldwide with no taxes law in past or recent?

Dr. Ragheb declared that taxes are practiced in all states, but in variant amounts. A state may increase it and another may decrease it, however all states practice system of taxes.

Dr. Ragheb referred to the Roman state which used to tax every thing even the dead to the extent that the dead can not be buried until his relatives pay the fixed tax.

Dr. Ragheb explored the fact that paying tribute is in return for Muslims defending them that the non-Muslims paying tribute are not to defend the Muslim state and they are protected by Muslims against outside assault. In case Muslims fail defending the state including non-Muslims living there, Muslims must repay the tribute took from non-Muslims.

Dr. Ragheb exemplified this point stating the story of opening Homs. Muslims took the tribute from the Christians living in Homs in return for defending them, but Muslims withdrew from fighting the Romans, the matter which made Abu-`Ubaydah give back the tribute to Christians though Muslims were in dire need to it at that time. By then, Christians were astonished which made them comment on this incident "by Allah! You, Muslims, are more compassionate to us than our Christian brethren, may Allah return you back to us"

Who is bound by Jizyah? What is the amount of Jizyah?

Dr. Ragheb shed light upon those bound by tribute, namely every sound, sane man not secluded to worship from non-Muslims. He added that Jews and Christians do not pay the amount of tribute on the capital as the case of Muslims on paying alms "Zakah", rather they pay an amount set by the ruler of the Muslim state. To exemplify, in Egypt, when Muslims opened it, `Amr ibn Al-`Ass took the tribute two dinars per the individual, Christian or Jew and `Umar ibn Al-Khattab approved him which is Sunnah for Muslims as referred to in the prophetic Hadith which reads: (hold my Sunnah and that of the rightly guided caliphs succeeding me, bite it by molars).

At other occasion, `Umar ibn Al-Khattab collected the tribute in another amount according to the criterion of richness and poverty. Dr. Ragheb went on declaring this point that richness is variant that there is high, medium and low levels of richness. Though the three levels are rich, `Umar differentiated among them that the high level rich was to pay a tribute of 48 dirhams, 24 for the medium and 12 for the low level in richness annually, however, the poor are exempted.

 Tribute is paid by the rich non-Muslims regardless the capital of their wealth which is the mercy and magnificence of Islam and its regulations.

Dr. Ragheb reviewed the amount of tribute and Zakah, it came out that Muslims pay 2.5% on the capital of their wealth, but non-Muslims pay fixed amount. If we apply this to a Muslim possessing 100.000 dirhams and a non-Muslim possess the same amount, the Muslim would pay Zakah of 2500 dirhams, while the non-Muslim would pay 48 dirhams.

 Dr Ragheb pointed out the essence of the tribute paid by non-Muslims that it is a kind of loyalty and citizenship contract between non-Muslims on one hand and the Muslim state on the other. He added that tribute is found in the Islamic Shari`ah from the very days of Islam and applied by `Umar ibn Al-Khattab on opening Persia and Rome. Thus, legal experts must apply tribute in the Islamic recent state.

 Dr. Ragheb stated that the laws of non-Muslims under rue of Islam are in the first place based on leniency which no affectation as it is the essence of Islam and conferring honor upon humans generally in the second place. Also, such laws are based on the reconciliation and mercy towards minority of non-Muslims.

 Dr. Ragheb also discussed the campaign of one million signatures aiming at invalidating the unjust sentence against Sheikh Wagdi Ghoneim for his notability and efforts in spreading Islam from Japan to America.

http://300035.dotdothktrade.tech/en/artical/3407595/jizyah-islam